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Theorem: Second-Order Necessary Condition, SONC:
令 $S \subset \mathbb{R}^n$ 且令 $f \in C^2(S)$。若 ${\bf x}^*$ 為 local minimum point of $f$ over $S$ 則 對 在點 ${\bf x}^*$的任意可行方向 ${\bf d} \in \mathbb{R}^n$,我們有
1. $\nabla f({\bf x}^*) \cdot {\bf d} \geq 0$
2. 若 $\nabla f({\bf x}^*) \cdot {\bf d} =0$ 則 ${\bf d}^T \nabla^2 f({\bf x}^*) {\bf d} \geq 0$
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\[
{\bf x}(\alpha) := {\bf x}^* + \alpha {\bf d} \in S, \;\;\; \alpha \in [0, \bar \alpha]
\] 利用 Taylor Theorem 對 ${\bf x}^*$ 展開到二階項,我們可得
\begin{align*}
f\left( {{\mathbf{x}}\left( \alpha \right)} \right)
&= f\left( {{{\mathbf{x}}^*}} \right) + \nabla f\left( {{{\mathbf{x}}^*}} \right)\left( {{\mathbf{x}}\left( \alpha \right) - {{\mathbf{x}}^*}} \right) \\
& \hspace{10mm}+ \frac{1}{2}{\left( {{\mathbf{x}}\left( \alpha \right) - {{\mathbf{x}}^*}} \right)^T}\nabla^2 f\left( {{{\mathbf{x}}^*}} \right)\left( {{\mathbf{x}}\left( \alpha \right) - {{\mathbf{x}}^*}} \right) + o\left( {{{\left\| \alpha \right\|}^2}} \right) \hfill \\
& = f\left( {{{\mathbf{x}}^*}} \right) + \alpha \nabla f\left( {{{\mathbf{x}}^*}} \right){\mathbf{d}} + \frac{1}{2}{\alpha ^2}{{\mathbf{d}}^T}\nabla^2 f\left( {{{\mathbf{x}}^*}} \right){\mathbf{d}} + o\left( {{{\left\| \alpha \right\|}^2}} \right) \hfill \\
\end{align*} 若 $\nabla f({\bf x}^*) \cdot {\bf d} =0$,則上式變成
\[\begin{gathered}
f\left( {{\mathbf{x}}\left( \alpha \right)} \right) = f\left( {{{\mathbf{x}}^*}} \right) + \alpha \underbrace {\nabla f\left( {{{\mathbf{x}}^*}} \right){\mathbf{d}}}_{ = 0} + \frac{1}{2}{\alpha ^2}{{\mathbf{d}}^T}\nabla^2 f\left( {{{\mathbf{x}}^*}} \right){\mathbf{d}} + o\left( {{{\left\| \alpha \right\|}^2}} \right) \hfill \\
= f\left( {{{\mathbf{x}}^*}} \right) + \frac{1}{2}{\alpha ^2}{{\mathbf{d}}^T}\nabla^2 f\left( {{{\mathbf{x}}^*}} \right){\mathbf{d}} + o\left( {{{\left\| \alpha \right\|}^2}} \right) \hfill \\
\end{gathered} \]注意到若 ${{\mathbf{d}}^T}\nabla^2 f\left( {{{\mathbf{x}}^*}} \right){\mathbf{d}}<0$ 對在 ${\bf x}^*$任意足夠小的鄰域成立,則我們得到
\[f\left( {{\mathbf{x}}\left( \alpha \right)} \right) \leqslant f\left( {{{\mathbf{x}}^*}} \right) \]此與 ${\bf x}^*$是 local minimum 矛盾,故
\[{{\mathbf{d}}^T}\nabla^2 f\left( {{{\mathbf{x}}^*}} \right){\mathbf{d}}\geq 0\;\;\;\;\; \square\]
Comments:
讀者大概不難發現不論是一階 或者 二階 條件都是依賴 Taylor 定理展開式,依此來進行估計。
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Theorem: Second-Order Sufficient Condition, SOSC:
令 $S \subset \mathbb{R}^n$ 且令 $f \in C^2(S)$。若 ${\bf x}^* \in S$ 為interior point 且$f$ 在該點有定義。若
1. $\nabla f({\bf x}^*) = {\bf 0}$
2. 對任意 ${\bf d} \in \mathbb{R}^n$,${\bf d}^T \nabla^2 f({\bf x}^*) {\bf d} >0$ (亦即 $\nabla^2 f({\bf x}^*)$ 為 positive definite),則 ${\bf x}^*$ 為 strict local minimum of $f$。
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\[
f({\bf x}) > f({\bf x^*}),\;\;\; {\bf x} \in \mathcal{N}({\bf x}^*)
\]其中 $\mathcal{N}({\bf x}^*)$為以 ${\bf x}^*$為中心所成之鄰域。故令 ${\bf d} \in \mathbb{R}^n$ 為 在點 ${\bf x}^*$的任意可行方向,故存在 $\bar \alpha >0$ 使得
\[
{\bf x}(\alpha) := {\bf x}^* + \alpha {\bf d} \in \mathcal{N}({\bf x}^*), \;\;\; \alpha \in [0, \bar \alpha]
\] 利用 $\nabla f({\bf x}^*) = {\bf 0}$ 與 Taylor Theorem 對 ${\bf x}^*$ 展開到二階項,我們可得
\begin{align*}
f\left( {{\mathbf{x}}\left( \alpha \right)} \right)
&= f\left( {{{\mathbf{x}}^*}} \right) + \nabla f\left( {{{\mathbf{x}}^*}} \right)\left( {{\mathbf{x}}\left( \alpha \right) - {{\mathbf{x}}^*}} \right) \\
& \hspace{10mm}+ \frac{1}{2}{\left( {{\mathbf{x}}\left( \alpha \right) - {{\mathbf{x}}^*}} \right)^T}\nabla^2 f\left( {{{\mathbf{x}}^*}} \right)\left( {{\mathbf{x}}\left( \alpha \right) - {{\mathbf{x}}^*}} \right) + o\left( {{{\left\| \alpha \right\|}^2}} \right) \hfill \\
& =f\left( {{{\mathbf{x}}^*}} \right) + \frac{1}{2}{\alpha ^2}\underbrace {{{\mathbf{d}}^T}\nabla^2 f\left( {{{\mathbf{x}}^*}} \right){\mathbf{d}}}_{ > 0} + o\left( {{{\left\| \alpha \right\|}^2}} \right)\\
\end{align*}
在 ${\bf x}^*$ 附近鄰域而言,我們可推知
\[\begin{gathered}
f\left( {{\mathbf{x}}\left( \alpha \right)} \right) - f\left( {{{\mathbf{x}}^*}} \right) = \frac{1}{2}{\alpha ^2}\underbrace {{{\mathbf{d}}^T}\nabla^2 f\left( {{{\mathbf{x}}^*}} \right){\mathbf{d}}}_{ > 0} > 0 \hfill \\
\end{gathered} \]則 ${\bf x}^*$ 為 strict local minimum of $f$ 。$\square$
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